The scientific ethics of the author exclude the following practices:
Fabrication and falsification of data, including selective omission of unwanted results, and manipulation of images or illustrations;
Violation of intellectual property rights, including unauthorized use of works protected by copyright, as well as significant scientific discoveries, hypotheses, theories, or research methods;
Unauthorized use of others’ work, including plagiarism;
Illegal appropriation of research methods or ideas ("idea theft"), as assessed by experts;
Unjustified attribution of authorship or co-authorship, including assigning authorship to individuals who did not contribute meaningfully, or claiming it without proper grounds; use of elements from another person’s work (e.g., drawings, tables, paragraphs) without proper attribution, such as missing acknowledgements, citations, or quotation marks. Authors must obtain permission from the copyright holder to use any protected materials;
Falsification or distortion of content;
Unauthorized dissemination or publication of unpublished works, data, hypotheses, theories, or methods, and unauthorized access granted to third parties;
Claiming co-authorship with another person without their explicit consent;
Improper paraphrasing of another’s work, such as altering more than one sentence within a paragraph or section or rearranging sentences without appropriate citation. Significant paraphrasing without attribution is considered equivalent to direct copying;
Use of artificial intelligence (AI) to write a scientific article. If AI tools are used for experimental purposes, they must be cited appropriately, indicating the program used.
If any elements of the manuscript have been previously published, authors must reference the prior publication. They should clearly indicate the distinct contribution of the new work while acknowledging its relation to prior findings and conclusions.
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