Author publication ethics

Scientific ethics of the author excludes:

1. fabrication and falsification of data through secret selection and rejection of unwanted results, manipulation of images or illustrations;
2. violation of intellectual property rights regarding another author’s works protected by copyright, significant scientific discoveries, hypotheses, theories, or research methods:

• unauthorized use, including plagiarism;
• illegal appropriation of research methods and ideas (idea theft) according to experts;
• claiming authorship or co-authorship without justification, or unjustly claiming it, using elements of another person's work without proper acknowledgment, such as a drawing, table, or paragraph without expressing gratitude, citing the source, or using quotation marks. Authors must obtain permission from the copyright holder to use elements of their work;
• alteration (falsification) of content;
• unauthorized publication and granting third parties access to unpublished works, findings, hypotheses, theories, or research methods;
• claiming (co)authorship with another person without their consent;
• inaccurate paraphrasing of another person’s work, where more than one sentence is altered within a single paragraph or section, or sentences are rearranged without proper citation of the source. Substantial incorrect paraphrasing without citing the source is equivalent to direct copying;
• using AI for writing a scientific article; when AI is used for experimental purposes, a citation to the AI program must be provided.

If elements of a manuscript have been previously published in another article, the authors must reference the earlier work. They should specify how the new work significantly differs from the previous one, while highlighting its connection to the results and conclusions presented in the earlier study. Direct copying or paraphrasing of one’s own work is unacceptable.